I. Discuss the script qualities of each program. Script of any talk show must have such qualities. Dialogue. Dialogue is important in a script, because it’s through dialogue that characters communicate and give insight into their thoughts, feelings and motivations. Well-Paced Conflict handling content Hook Characters and personalities should bind to follow ethical standards. II. Discuss the shooting strengths and weaknesses of each program Explore this click me: And also use your own analytical skills to answer this question. III. Discuss the editing techniques of each program Explore these clicks: Link 1 link 2 link 3 And also use your own analytical skills to answer this question.

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Q. 1 Solution Dear David, Further to our conservation today, I am attaching the plan for the first stage of the project. Hope the one weak deadline is okay with you and your team. Regards Sally a. Clarity b. Courtesy c. Coherent d. Correctness Traci, I wanted to write you a quick note about the report you finished last week. I gave it to Michelle to proof, and she wanted to make sure you knew about the department meeting we’re having this Friday. We’ll be creating an outline for the new employee handbook. Thanks, Michelle a. Conciseness b. Courtesy c. Coherent d. Clarity Hi everyone, I just wanted to send you all a reminder about the meeting we’re having tomorrow! See you then, Chris a. Coherent b. Correctness c. Courtesy d. Completeness Hi Suzanne I think we need to talk about the CSR campaign, I mean the one which we need to do as a quarterly exercise. I think it is a great way of enhancing our brand image. Basically, it would just be a visit to an orphanage but we can sort of do other things too. For instance, we could take the kids out for a short trip to a nearby park or zoo. Let us sit and talk tomorrow. Regards Jennifer a. Conciseness b. Concreteness c. Completeness d. Correctness Dear James, I would like to talk to you about the new client’s project which the engineering team had discussed yesterday. I might need the help of John from your team. Regards, Kevin a. Correctness b. Concreteness c. Completeness d. Clarity Q. 2 Solution 26 November, 2019 Muhammad Addam Area Manager (Sales) Sabroso 17-F, Block F Model Town, Lahore, Punjab Ahmad Ali Branch Manager Alfateh Super Store Allama Iqbal Town, Lahore Dear Mr. Ahmad Ali, I am pleased to inform you that our company has launched a new range of product in ready to cook category (Chicken Donut and Crispy Popers). We keep our diverse customers’ interests and tastes in view before introducing any new product. Therefore, a considerable research has been conducted in order to come up with a product that is equally liked by kids and adults. We have the largest integrated operation in the country with reference to poultry growing, having own hatcheries, own breeder farming and broiler farming and own feed mills and finally state of the art modern poultry processing and further processing plant with the best equipment of the Europe, UAS, Japan. We are using the best ingredient of the world renowned companies like Newlyweds from Ireland and Kerry from USA for our further processing products. We have developed and implemented the system at each step, further we are audited for worldwide acceptable food quality, safety and Halal management systems like HACCP, ISO 9001-2015, FSSC 22000 and HALAL. So we can guarantee that our chicken and chicken products are healthy and safe for use. Our chickens are prepared using cutting edge and innovative meat preparation and production equipment. We add world class ingredients, including premium spices to our premium choice meats for the preparation of mouth-watering, high quality ready to cook and fully cooked products. All our products are free from any preservatives and are frozen individually using individual quick freezing technology as per world class standards. These products are then weighed, packed and boxed using automated equipment and then they are stored in chillers at -20°C to keep them fresh. We are highly concerned about the quality of our product and we never compromise on hygiene. The chicken donut and crispy popers are very economical for your customers. Our product is very affordable in price as compared to other brands. Initially, we can give it to you at a reduced rate. We can tailor the packaging and flavors as per your desire after receiving your feedback and provide you with the samples too. We can arrange a meeting or discuss this further over the phone. I will be waiting for your positive response. Best Regards. Muhammad Addam

Reflective Essay Between January fifth and twenty-third 2014, I observed and helped teach English at XXX school, Lahore. I worked with two cooperating teachers, Mrs. Anjum and Mrs. Mujeeb. These two teachers were very willing to let me take on the roles of a teacher, such as grading, lesson planning, teaching, and working with students daily. As a result, I learned a lot about the roles of a teacher and expanded my views on who I am as a teacher. Each day in school, I began with Mrs Anjum’s first period class in which I helped teach seventh grade students. These students are very different from the sixth and eighth graders from the other classes later in the day. If I were to stereotype or describe the average seventh grade student from this class, I would say that they are more reluctant to complete class work than sixth graders, but have more attitude-related problems than the eighth graders. These observations could be developmentally related. Regardless of these issues, I was still able to work with these students both individually and as a class. I helped lesson plan and taught lessons collaboratively with my cooperating teacher and by myself. We began each class period with a journal activity so that the students would be able to review the previous day’s lesson. In this classroom, I observed and incorporated varied teaching and lesson planning techniques. In just this short time, I saw students work on worksheets individually, do group work, practice speaking in English, do listening and writing activities, and complete a short project. After Mrs Anjum’s first period class, she teaches eighth grade English as an additional class for students who are falling behind. These students are taking this class for a full year. This class covers all material that the regular class normally would, such as the English alphabet, colours, basic phrases, numbers, introductory level verb conjugation of all three types of verbs in the present tense, and a survey of the cultures of the people that speak English. While I was in the classroom, the students were beginning the process of explaining verb conjugations as a grammar point, along with vocabulary concentrating on the names of foods. There were a total of thirty-five students in this class, so she did a lot of varying instruction between individual and group work. Her reasoning was that with so many students in one classroom, group work is just as important as individual work because students can help each other learn the material instead of being in a classroom that is lecture-based. I agree with this statement, but in my future classroom, I will be stricter with ground rules when it comes to group work, as it sometimes got out of hand while I was co-teaching. This was one of my favorite classes to work with, as most students were willing to work hard in order to receive the additional credit. Without a grade “C” in the class, students are not permitted to move on to English II in the school. During my third period, which was planned for both of my cooperating teachers, I was exposed to more teacher responsibilities. I aided in lesson planning, copying papers, discussing important ways to incorporate the textbook and other teaching materials into the lesson, planning ways to help students with learning disabilities or other exceptionalities succeed, and how to build relationships with fellow teachers and use each others’ ideas in the classroom. One of the main aspects of teaching that this experience really opened my eyes to is using one’s resources when lesson planning. Because they both teach the same English classes, they use each others’ materials and ideas. This makes lessons more inclusive for both of their students and speeds up the lesson planning process for the teachers. I learned that lesson planning is not always done by one teacher for one class. My first class with Mrs Mujeeb is her eighth grade class. These students are also taking the class in order to receive additional credit, but I still noticed that this class had a different dynamic than Mrs Anjum’s class. There were three specific students that honestly led the class through any activity. Because of their ‘class clown’ personality, they made even the boring lecture activities fun for the class. In contrast, Mrs Anjum’s eighth grade class was primarily divided between really shy, but strong, academic students or students that had a ‘too cool for school’ attitude. Mrs Mujeeb’s class was a lot of fun to work with, but it was more of a challenge because they typically worked through assignments quicker, leaving the teacher and I to supplement class time with other unexpected activities for the students. For example, a group work based activity took Mrs Anjum’s class the entire period, but Mrs Mujeeb’s class had twenty minutes left. Therefore, this class helped me develop my ‘think-on-your-feet’ skills as a teacher to come up with more activities when something takes less time than expected. After this class, Mrs Mujeeb and I ate lunch together. I discovered that during her lunch period, she opens her classroom for students to come and eat with her. Some students come for homework help, but there was a group of five young girls that came every day just to talk and be with their peers and my cooperating teacher. By doing this, Mrs Mujeeb really strengthened a good relationship with these students and it was evident that they really liked her and looked to her as a role model. Some conversations with these girls were personal about their peers or family, whereas some were actually about school/academics. Because I was with these girls each day as well, I got to know them both personally and within the classroom as students. This helped me realise the value of having a relationship with students inside and outside of the classroom, especially at the middle school level. Mrs Mujeeb’s second class is seventh grade students, the same class as Mrs Anjum’s seventh graders. These students only take the class for a half year and only study very basic concepts, like phrases, colours, numbers, and some foods. This course, as I found out, is designed to introduce the students to the language to see if they would be able to take English in eighth grade. I co-taught this class starting on day one, then transitioned into teaching lessons that my cooperating teacher made, ending the experience with lessons that I planned myself. I honestly did a lot of experimental type lessons on this class to see what works and what does not work when it comes to classroom management, individual work, and group work. I ended each day in school with Mrs Anjum’s sixth grade students, as Mrs Mujeeb teaches literature in the last period. This class is a half year course as well; for the first nine weeks, students learn how to say the colours, numbers, and basic phrases in English, then learn the same concepts for the second nine weeks in Urdu. This class is a way for students to see which language they like best and which culture/countries interest them the most. Unfortunately, if a student likes Urdu instead of English he or she cannot take Urdu until later in Grade 8. Because of this, the majority of students take English in both seventh and eighth grade. While I was in this class, I did not help teach. I answered students’ questions and worked with students that were struggling, but all instruction was done by my cooperating teacher. During this period, I sometimes just helped grade papers from the other classes or lesson plan. Upon completing this experience, I have found both strengths and weaknesses in myself as an educator. The strength that I found the earliest in this experience is that I am confident in my content area (teaching English). Because of my previous classes and study abroad experience in England, I learned a lot about both the language and the cultures that speak the language. I felt as though I had multiple examples and personal experiences to share with the students when discussing a given topic, instead of just pictures and words from a textbook. I made the content more personal and relevant, and in doing so, I found that I knew more than I thought I did when it comes to content knowledge. My second strength that I developed during this experience is learning how to maintain patience and develop other ways to re-explain and describe a concept when a student is confused or misled. I have always enjoyed helping others understand concepts, but maintaining patience while doing so was a weakness previous to both this experience and my previous experience. Both experiences contributed to teaching me how to explain concepts slowly, effectively, and correctly. I believe this is because, due to having more constant and direct contact with students, I have a better understanding of how students learn, so I am better prepared to explain concepts in a way to help them do so. My third strength that I developed as a result of this experience is realising that my creativity in lesson planning is both fun and helpful for students. I knew before this experience that I was capable of planning great lessons, but planning and really doing are completely different situations. Through this experience, I was able to actually implement the lessons that I was creating and even some that I had already created previously. It was a great confidence booster to see that what I thought would be fun and helpful for students really was. With all strengths as an educator, come weaknesses. During this experience, I noticed some weaknesses in myself as a teacher, but three specific weaknesses really stood out. My first weakness is that I realised that I had not previously thought about how I will begin each period. This is a very basic part of teaching, but can really make or break the tone for the whole class period. Previous to this experience, before I would teach a lesson, my cooperating teacher would begin the class period, then I would begin teaching. The beginning of this experience was no different. However, as this experience progressed, I was forced to think about how to effectively start each class period and set a positive tone for the class. I know that I should already know how to do this, but I had never really had to do it before. I cannot stress enough the difference I have seen in the way that a class goes when it comes to starting a class with a negative tone or a positive tone. Upon entering teaching, I plan to set a goal to start each class period with a positive tone and begin instruction as soon as possible. I know that I need to do more thinking on how to do so before I take over the classroom in my school. My second weakness is another simple concept that I need to fix. It was brought to my attention that during a lesson, I pace myself appropriately, but when giving instructions for an assignment, I tend to talk too quickly for students to understand me. To fix this problem before students teaching, I have set a goal for myself to speak slower when giving instructions and to help students understand by writing the assignment and coinciding instructions on the board. My third weakness that I noticed during this experience that needs to be addressed before teaching is that I tend to take students’ apathy-like attitudes as a personal note that they do not like me or my lesson. I know that not all students will like me; that is a fact for even the most amazing teachers out there. It is impossible to please everyone. I am mainly referring to the fact that I apparently need a new way of looking at student apathy. I need to develop a better way to handle this than to simply take it as a personal attack on my teaching. I have made a goal for student teaching to address student apathy as a motivator for me to motivate them and ideally help them understand the importance of having an education and being a good student. My method for doing this will be to first identify whether the student is apathetic in all classes or if the problem is only evident in my class. Then, I will talk to the student to further identify the reason for the problem and find a way to adapt my teaching style to involve the student or to further stress the importance of education. Looking at this experience from a literature standpoint, a lot of what my cooperating teachers and I were doing with the students throughout this experience is explained in Doug Lemov’s Teach like a Champion (Lemov, 2010). He explains forty-nine different techniques that he believes to be the best teaching strategies, twelve of which I noticed my cooperating teachers and School use frequently. The twelve techniques that I noticed to be implemented into my teacher’s classrooms can be divided into seven categories: Setting High Academic Expectations, Planning that Ensures Academic Achievement, Structuring and Delivering Your Lessons, Engaging Students in your Lessons, Creating a Strong Classroom Culture, Building and Maintaining High Behavioural Expectations, and Building Character and Trust (Lemov, 2010, p. 5-7). Setting High Academic Expectations includes techniques such as: No Opt Out, Stretch It, and Without Apology (Lemov, 2010, p. 5). The first technique from Lemov (2010) that I noticed my cooperating teachers using quite frequently is No Opt Out, a technique that states that “a sequence that begins with a student unable to answer a question should end with the student answering that question as often as possible” (p. 28). Basically, this technique strives to ensure that students that reply to questions with ‘I don’t know’ will be able to soon be the one to offer an answer after hearing another student’s reply. Each of my cooperating teachers used this technique to provoke student learning, understanding, and participation. Instead of answering their own questions, they wanted the students to give them an answer. The second technique in this category, Stretch It, states that “the sequence of learning does not end with a right answer” (Lemov, 2010, p. 41). Instead teachers should take correct answers and ask students to add depth or nuance to their answers. Offering a simple answer is not viewed as being enough or satisfactory in the view of the technique. My cooperating teacher used this technique when discussing a culture topic. For example, when talking about a custom in the target culture (England), my teacher would ask the students to elaborate on their answers by giving an explanation of why they thought that the culture would do something, as a way of accessing upper levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The last technique from the category that I noticed in my classrooms in the concept of Without Apology (Lemov, 2010, p. 51-55). This concept is based on the idea that we should never apologise to our students for teaching a certain part of our content, assuming it to be boring or blaming someone else that we have to teach it (Lemov, 2010, p 52-53). For example, I believe that it is important to tell students why they must learn a certain concept, but that it is a very bad idea to say, “I know this may not be fun, but you have to learn it. I am sorry.” Saying something like that to students can set a very negative tone for the whole semester, as the teacher is basically admitting that even he or she finds the content boring. If the teacher is disinterested, how are the students going to be motivated to learn? I picked up on this being a very important aspect of teaching and introducing a new class when I was at the school on the first day of their new semester. My cooperating teachers stressed to students the importance of learning another language, but never once said that it would be boring or apologised that it was a required course. They showed enthusiasm and interest in their content area every day that I was in their classrooms. The next category of techniques from Lemov (2010) is Planning that Ensures Academic Achievement, which includes Post It, Double Plan, and Draw the Map (p. 5). Post It occurs when a teacher has decided on the daily objective and posts it on the board or in a place in front of the room for students and administration alike to see (p. 63-64). This concept was designated as a school wide ‘rule’ for all teachers. In each classroom throughout the School, all teachers write the overall objective for each individual class period. This helps student understand and recognise the daily goal and shows administrators that teachers are actually setting learning goals for their students. Both of my cooperating teachers would list the learning objective on the chalkboard for each class period. The next technique in this category is Double Plan, which concentrates on the idea that the teacher often “forget[s] to plan what students will be doing each step of the way” (Lemov, 2010, p. 66). Teachers plan what they will be collecting, passing out, and/or talking about, but do not truly put thought into what the students will be doing. Will they be taking notes or just listening? Is there a worksheet to fill out during the lecture or just after? This technique focuses on making sure that students’ actions are thought of during the planning process, not just the teacher’s actions. Mrs. Mujeeb taught me how to do this technique. She always had the students taking notes during lectures or made sure to lay ground rules during group work. Instead of just putting the students into groups, she would make sure that they had only so much time to move to a new spot, set a time limit for the assignment, and told them whether or not they could move to other groups/ places around the room during the activity. The last technique that I learned about during my experience at the school is called Draw the Map (Lemov, 2010, p. 67-69). This is the “planning and controlling of the physical environment, which should support the specific lesson goals for the day rather than using the best approach to support the most lesson on average or, worse, to support ideological beliefs about what classrooms should look like” (Lemov, 2010, p. 67). Basically, teachers must make a seating chart and classroom arrangement that truly is a display of their teaching philosophy and the learning goals that the teacher has for his or her classroom. When setting up a classroom, the teacher must take all aspects into account. I was aware of this concept previous to this experience at the school, but my cooperating teachers showed me a different way of looking at this concept. Ideally, a teacher would be able to move certain items in the classroom to fit each individual class; however, that is not a realistic and attainable goal. Mrs. Mujeeb taught both English and Urdu, making her learning goals and access to materials very different from class to class. For the most part, she has done what she can with the space she has been given. Most of the English class materials are in the front of the room, whereas the Urdu materials are in the back of the room. The middle of the classroom is filled with the students’ desks in rows for a lecture setting in either class. In contrast, Mrs. Anjum’s room consists of tables instead of desks to promote a more social foreign language setting. The back half of the room is divided between her eighth grade materials and her sixth and seventh grade materials. The third category of techniques that I found to be pertinent during my school experience is called Structuring and Delivering Your Lessons, which includes a technique called, Break it Down (Lemov, 2010, p. 88-92). This technique is a “reactive strategy” that is used “in response to a student error at the moment the incorrect answer happens” (Lemov, 2010. P. 88). In a sense, this technique works as a sort of on-the-spot review session to help the student correct the error. This is a technique that I personally used during a lesson that I was giving over a grammar point on recognising the pronouns in a sentence. One of my students asked what the difference was after identifying them incorrectly. In order to answer the student’s question, I had to take a pause from the original learning goal and review this concept. The fourth category of techniques that I observed while in these lessons is Engaging Students in your Lesson, which includes the technique Call and Response (Lemov, 2010. p. 125-131). This technique stems from the concept of the teacher “ask[ing] a question and the whole class calls out the answer in unison” (Lemov, 2010, p. 125). This technique can be used for academic review and reinforcement, high-energy fun, or for behavioural reinforcement (Lemov, 2010, p.126). The process includes repeat, report, reinforce, review, and solve (Lemov, 2010, p. 126-127). I used this technique in both of my cooperating teachers’ classrooms when we were learning new vocabulary. I would say a word and the class would repeat it back to me in the target language. Then I would say the word again, and the class would tell me the meaning of the word in Urdu/ Punjabi/translate the word. After using this technique personally, my cooperating teachers mentioned that they like the way it involves the whole class and that they were going to use it in the future. The fifth category of techniques is Creating a Strong Classroom Culture, which includes the technique that I found to be very important in any middle school classroom, known as Do Now. This technique is similar to bell work, or “a short activity that you have written on the board or is waiting at their desks before they enter” (Lemov, 2010, p. 152). This is something that Mrs. Anjum did for every class, except for her sixth graders. Every day when the seventh and eighth graders came into class, she would have the lights dimmed and have a few questions for the students to answer on the overhead. She referred to this activity as their daily journal and had the students write the information in a notebook. Every other week, she would collect the journals for a grade and to make sure that students were correcting their answers in their journals once she had gone over the journal with the class. I really liked this idea, as it was a way to have students come in quietly and get started on something. What I did not like about this activity is that it makes the class seem very repetitive after doing it every day in the same way. The sixth category of techniques is Building and Maintaining High Behavioural Expectations, which includes the two part technique called Strong Voice and the technique called Threshold. In my opinion, this is perhaps one of the most important techniques for a teacher to have and use properly in the classroom. It follows the idea that the teacher can have control of the classroom by the following “five principles in their interactions with students—or at least in the interactions where they are trying to establish control: Economy of Language, Do Not Talk Over, Do Not Engage, Square Up/Stand Still, and Quiet Power (Lemov, 2010, p. 182-191). Economy of Language means that the teacher only says what is important and does not drag on; students know exactly what is expected of them so the class can move on (Lemov, 2010, p. 183). Do Not Talk Over is a way to ensure that if the directions are really important, every student should stop talking in order to listen; the teacher waits to give directions until all other noise in the classroom ceases (Lemov, 2010, p. 183). Do Not Engage is a concept that enforces staying on task in the classroom; instead of getting off track by answering a student’s unrelated question, this technique suggests that staying on task and going back to the unrelated question is best for learning (Lemov, 2010, p. 184). Square Up/Stand Still is the next step that reminds teachers to speak both nonverbally and with words; this involves using signals in the classroom if words would be too distracting during instruction (Lemov, 2010, p. 186-187). Quiet Power is an idea that teachers should keep in mind if they begin to get angry; it asks teachers to remain calm and talk slower and quieter when angry instead of louder and faster (Lemov, 2010, p. 187). By maintaining a Strong Voice, teachers should maintain a good control over their classroom. The best example that I can think of relating to this concept is Mrs. Mujeeb. She is very in control of her patience, tone, and overall way of speaking to students, even when she gets frustrated with them. Because of this, they respond better and quicker to her frustration and the problem is solved much more efficiently. To coincide with this technique is the other technique in this category called Threshold, which simply suggests that teachers should find a way to greet students by “standing in the physical threshold of the classroom—astride the door, taking the opportunity to remind students where they are, where they are going, and what you will demand of them” (Lemov, 2010, p. 197). If teachers take time to greet students as they enter the room, it starts relationships with students and sets a positive tone for the class period. I noticed each of my cooperating teachers doing this, and I have seen this in many of my other teaching experiences prior to this one. This is a very important, yet simple tactic for teachers to follow. The last category of techniques, Building Character and Trust, includes the technique called Warm and Strict (Lemov, 2010, p. 213-214). This suggests that teachers should be “both: caring, funny, warm, concerned, and nurturing—and also strict, by the book, relentless, and sometimes inflexible” (Lemov, 2010, p. 213). Just because a teacher follows and reinforces his or her own rules does not make that teacher ‘mean;’ it makes that teacher reliable. What some teachers struggle with is the balance between warm and strict; some teachers are too warm and get laissez-faire with their rules, while other teachers are too strict to the point where the students have lost respect for the teacher. While in the school, I have seen great examples of the Warm and Strict teacher, while hearing of stories of teachers that do not possess the ability to balance these attributes. Because Mrs. Mujeeb had strict classroom rules, but related to her students outside of the classroom during lunch, she is a great example of a Warm and Strict teacher. Mrs. Anjum also tries to get to know students outside of the classroom and tries to relate to them outside of just knowing what their grades are. I believe that this is, along with Strong Voice, the most important attribute of a successful, excellent teacher. My goal is to find my own balance between Warm and Strict. After seeing all of these techniques in place, I can say that I have had a very successful and beneficial experience at XXX School. I transitioned from observing and only helping students to teaching lessons my cooperating teachers had planned to teaching lessons I planned by myself. I took on more teaching roles than I have had in any field experience thus far, as I was there for full, consecutive school days. I was able to see how to plan for a whole week instead of only planning for one lesson here and there. I learned the importance of having relationships with colleagues, students, and other staff members in the building. References Lemov, D. (2010). Teach like a champion: 49 techniques that put students on the path to college. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

https://youtu.be/rtmuXrMUhJQ

@zareen said in STA630 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion: sampling and sampling technique Sampling is the process whereby some elements (individuals) in the population are selected for a research study. The population consists of all individuals with a particular characteristic that is of interest to the researchers. If data are obtained from all members of the population, then we have a census; if data are obtained from some members of the population, then we have a sample. With probability sampling, a researcher can specify the probability of an element’s (participant’s) being included in the sample. With non probability sampling, there is no way of estimating the probability of an element’s being included in a sample. Although often more difficult and expensive, probability sampling is a methodologically more precise method to obtain a sample that is representative of the population. With simple random sampling, each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. The four steps of simple random sampling are (1) defining the population, (2) constructing a list of all members, (3) drawing the sample, and (4) contacting the members of the sample. Stratified random sampling is a form of probability sampling in which individuals are randomly selected from specified subgroups (strata) of the population. This method can be used to increase the representativeness of the sample and/or to allow comparisons to be made among individuals in the different strata. Convenience sampling is quick and inexpensive because it involves selecting individuals who are readily available at the time of the study (such as introductory psychology students). The disadvantage is that convenience samples are generally less representative than random samples; therefore, results should be interpreted with caution. Quota sampling involves the selection of a certain percentage of individuals from specified subgroups of the population when the population is large and lists of members are not available. Many polling organizations use this technique. Appropriate sample size depends on various considerations, including population variability, statistical issues, economic factors, and availability of participants. In general, with larger samples you will have a smaller margin of error and you can detect smaller differences. The larger the variability of scores in the population, the larger the sample must be in order to be representative. Sampling error includes systematic error and random error.Systematic error occurs when the sample is not properly drawn (an error of the researcher). Random error is the degree to which the sample is not perfectly representative of the population. Even with the best sampling techniques, some degree of random error is expected. Increasingly, we are exposed to information based on sample data. Understanding the principles of sampling, particularly the limitations of various methods, should make us more critical consumers of such information.

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Q.1 Solution: Camera Jib: Device that’s come into wide use in the last decade is the camera jib, essentially a long, highly maneuverable boom or crane-like device with a mounted camera at the end. You frequently see them in action swinging overhead at concerts and major events. A jib allows sweeping camera movements from ground level to nine meters (thirty feet) or more in the air. Camera Copters/ Drone Cameras Since remotely-controlled, helicopter-type drones can move into places inaccessible by individuals or fixed-wing aircraft, they can provide coverage of events otherwise unattainable. Plus, helicopter type drones can hover above news scenes for extended periods of time. The video signal is relayed (live) to a receiver on the ground. Q.2 Differentiate the below given camera movements while giving an example of each. ・ Dolly ・ Trucking Answer: We refer to moving (rolling) the entire camera toward or away from the subject as a dolly (“dolly in” for a close shot or “dolly back” for a wide-shot). A lateral move (rolling the camera to the left or right on the pedestal) is trucking, as in “truck left” or “truck right.” [image: AMUs1yx.png]

Solution: Many directors believe that “cast right and half of your job as a director is accomplished.” The statement at best is a half-truth. In this era of star-making projects, the politics of finance as often as a director’s vision dictate casting. The rise of powerful agents and casting directors have moved the pendulum in the direction of political rather than creative casting. My comments that follow are only relevant to creative casting (let me just say that directors must continue to fight to maintain their vision of the characters in their films). Casting is the first expression of the director’s idea before production begins—all the more reason why the director at this preproduction stage must have a clear director’s idea, which, at this stage, is based on an interpretation of the script. The casting process is first and foremost about the look of an actor. Whether or not the actor physically conforms to the director’s vision of the character is less important than a checklist about the qualities, both physical and behavioral, the actor projects. I would suggest that at this first meeting between the director and an actor and the reading that will follow that the director keep a list of criteria by which to assess the actor, such as: Professionalism Level of tension the actor brings to the situation 3. Energy Charisma All-time hit PTV classic Drama Waris had a character of Choudhary Hashmat played by veteran acot Mehboob Alam. Chaudhry Hashmat’, the protagonist of his famous play, Waris, who thought the common people were like trees who needed pruning to check them from rising above their apportioned height and growing to their natural stature, years before Karl Marx had stated that the source of people’s poverty was the rich man’s wealth.